Australian
Screen

Teacher’s notes

provided by

This clip shows Douglas Jardine (Hugo Weaving), captain of the English cricket team, and Pelham Warner (Rhys McConnochie), team manager, at a press conference during the 1932–33 Ashes test series in Australia. A journalist (Max Cullen) quizzes Warner about his earlier opposition to bodyline bowling, and when the manager splutters uncomfortably, an imperious Jardine brings the press conference to an abrupt end. The clip then cuts to a reception for the English team on the eve of the Adelaide test match, where fellow team member, His Royal Highness, the Nawab of Pataudi (Ashok Banthia), tells Jardine that he cannot play by his rules, and the captain immediately drops him from the team.

Educational value points

• The 1932–33 Ashes test series in Australia, now known as the 'Bodyline’ series, was the most controversial and divisive episode in cricket history. After losing to the Australians in England in 1930, English cricket captain Douglas Jardine instructed his fast bowlers to bowl short-pitched but rising deliveries that targeted the batsman’s body rather than the wicket. The batsman would be struck on the body or forced to play a defensive shot, which often resulted in easy catches to a packed, close, leg-side field. The English called it 'fast-leg theory’, but Australian journalists dubbed it 'bodyline’ bowling.

• Bodyline bowling was used to curb the prolific run scoring of Australian batsman Don Bradman, who Jardine had observed was troubled by fast rising balls on the leg-stump. Bradman (1908–2001) is regarded as the world’s greatest batsman and in the 80 innings of his test cricket career, he scored 29 centuries, 12 double centuries and two triple centuries. He finished with a career total of 6,996 test runs at an average of 99.94. England won only 12 of the 37 tests that Bradman played against them. However, in the 'Bodyline’ series, Jardine’s tactic had its desired effect, with Bradman averaging only 56.6. England won the series by a 4 to 1 margin.

• Bodyline bowling created divisions within the English team. Prior to the tour, team manager Pelham Warner had been publicly critical of 'fast-leg theory’, while during the tour fast bowler George 'Gubby’ Allen refused to bowl bodyline and in a letter to his parents described Jardine as 'a perfect swine’ (www.atmitchell.com). The senior Nawab of Pataudi, Iftikhar Ali Khan, the only cricketer to play for both England and India, and who made a century on his test debut in the 1932–33 Ashes series, was dropped for the third test apparently after he voiced his opposition to the bodyline tactics.

• Australian crowds made clear their disapproval of bodyline bowling, booing the English team as they took to the field. Feelings escalated in the third test in Adelaide when Australian captain Bill Woodfull was struck on the heart, and Australian-wicket keeper Bert Oldfield was hit in the head and hospitalised with a fractured skull. Mounted police were brought in to control the angry crowd of 50,000 spectators, who threatened to invade the pitch. Woodfull, who refused to use bodyline bowling because he believed it would harm the game, told English team manager, Pelham Warner, 'There are two teams out there but only one of them is playing cricket’ (www.adb.online.anu.edu).

• After both Woodfull and Oldfield were injured during the third test in Adelaide the Australian Cricket Board of Control cabled its English counterpart, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) to protest against the use of bodyline bowling, which they said was 'unsportsmanlike’ and, in addition to causing injury, was souring relations between the two sides. However, the MCC refuted the allegations and it was not until the West Indians used the tactic against the English later in 1933 that bodyline bowling was banned. Such was the extent of the controversy that the Australian and British cabinets even exchanged cables about the issue.

• Douglas Jardine (1900–58) was a batsman who made his test match debut for England in 1928, and in 22 test matches made 1,296 runs, with an average of 48. His captaincy of England from 1932 to 1934 was overshadowed by the bodyline controversy. The 'Bodyline’ series increased the antipathy between Jardine and the Australian crowds, who already felt he was pretentious for wearing his Oxford University 'Harlequin’ cap on the field rather than the English cap. For his part, Jardine dismissed Australians as 'an uneducated and unruly mob’.

• In Australia media coverage of the bodyline controversy, which was front-page news, vilified Jardine and fanned the outrage of Australian spectators. While some British media censored their coverage, respected British cricket journalist Neville Cardus writing in the Manchester Guardian advised Jardine that it would be better to lose the Ashes than win with the bodyline tactic. However, Christopher Douglas, author of Douglas Jardine: Spartan Cricketer, points out that bodyline bowling was not illegal and that, in a game that then favoured batsmen, Jardine’s tactic was a logical step.

• Australia and England are fierce cricketing rivals who have played test cricket since 1876. These test series were called the Ashes after 1882 when Australia won a series on English soil for the first time. The day following the win a humorous report appeared in the Sporting Times stating that English cricket had died, the body would be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia. On their next tour to Australia, the English team were presented with a small urn that, legend has it, was filled with the ashes of a pair of bails. The original urn is housed in the MCC’s museum at Lord’s Cricket Ground in London, where it stays no matter which country wins, although it recently made a visit to Australia during the 2006–07 Ashes series.

Douglas Jardine, captain of the English cricket team, and Pelham Warner, team manager, are at a press conference during the 1932–33 Ashes Test series in Australia.
Journalist Is that right, Mr Warner? You support the tactics of Mr Jardine, and in particular this bodyline bowling?
Pelham Warner Well, as Mr Jardine says, it is a legitimate form of leg theory.
Journalist Ah. Would this be the same leg theory that you derided in The Morning Post of August 22nd 1932? And I quote:

These tactics should be deplored. With five men on the leg side, the balls were short-pitched and frequently bounced head-high and more. If all fast bowlers were to adopt these methods, there would be trouble and plenty of it. This is not bowling. Indeed, it is not even cricket.

Now, in light of that article, Mr Warner, would you say that you describe the current English attack to be ‘cricket’?
Warner Well, the circumstances were entirely different in London. And…
Journalist How different?
Douglas Jardine Well, if you’d researched a little further, Mr Cooper, you would have discovered that I was playing in that match and I played that leg theory field. The circumstances then, as Mr Warner correctly points out, were completely different.
Journalist Would you care to define the difference, Mr Jardine?
Jardine No, I would not.

At a Lord Mayor’s reception for the English team on the eve of the Adelaide test match.
Announcer … and the people of Adelaide, I welcome you all and we hope that your stay in our fair city will be indeed a happy one.
The crowd applauds.

Later in the evening, Jardine joins teammate Iftikhar Ali Khan, the Nawab of Pataudi, on the terrace.
Jardine (sighing) Good Lord.
Khan A little cooler out here.
Jardine A little quieter, anyway.
Khan The sun would be just now setting at my home in India.
Jardine It truly never sets upon the British empire.
Khan You are very much the empire man, aren’t you, Douglas?
Jardine Ah, it’s what makes we British the greatest race on earth. We must all have the courage of our convictions. Do what we think best.
Khan But we must play the game by the rules too.
Jardine By the rules, yes. But also to win.
Khan Winning is everything to you, isn’t it?
Jardine No, Pati. But I see no honour in defeat.
Khan What do you want of me, then?
Jardine Simply your support on the field.
Khan The field of honour? I cannot play your way, Douglas.
Jardine I’m your captain. Surely you’ll agree to abide by my decisions?
Khan If I can’t?
Jardine Then I should prefer it if you didn’t play at all.
Khan Then that is how it must be. I cannot play your way, Douglas, my friend.
Jardine You will never play Test cricket again.